The project aims to reconstruct shifts in oxic to anoxic conditions and carbonate preservation utilising bulk sediment redox-sensitive trace metal analysis at Site 731A in the Arabian Sea between 20 and 12 Ma. Objectives are to track the onset of anoxic conditions, evaluate organic carbon burial in the deep Indian Ocean, and distinguish these changes between the effect of final East Tethyan Seaway Closure and the onset of the South Asian Monsoon-driven productivity and upwelling. Trace element data will provide anoxia initiation timing and pattern of mechanism, and as well as changes in productivity, improving our understanding of tectonic-oceanic-monsoon interactions.